Diclofenac
From ToxBankWiki
| Diclofenac | |
|---|---|
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| Identifiers | |
| Leadscope Id | LS-11575 |
| CAS | 15307-86-5 |
| DrugBank | APRD00527 |
| ChemSpider | 2925 |
| UNII | 144O8QL0L1 |
| Pathway DBs | |
| KEGG | D07816 |
| Assay DBs | |
| PubChem CID | 3033 |
| ChEMBL | 139 |
| Omics DBs | |
| Open TG-Gate | 00019 |
| Properties | |
| pKa | 4.12 |
| ToxCast Accepted | yes |
| Toxic Effect | Apoptosis |
| ToxBank Accepted | no |
| Target | COX enzymes |
Executive Summary
| Compound | Diclofenac |
| Toxicities | Apoptotic cell death |
| Mechanisms | The parent compound and its oxidative metabolite impair mitochondrial function. Multiple reactive metabolites covalently modify cellular proteins and can create an immune response on rechallenge. |
| Comments | This compound is representative of redox active compounds that produce extensive nonspecific cell damage. Idiosyncrasy seems to relate in part to the variable ability of individual patients to recover from these insults. Observation of in vitro toxicity for this type of compound, therefore, will be consistently predictive of human toxicity, but the prevalence of toxicity at low doses will be difficult to predict. |
| Recommended as Standard | No |
Summary Information
The table listed below contains a summarized listing of toxic effect information leveraged from the 6th European Framework Programme project LIINTOP. For a complete listing of the Gold Compound evaluation criteria please see the Gold Compound Evaluation and Comments immediately following the summary table below.
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| Summary Hepatotoxic Effects from the LIINTOP FP6 Program | |||||||||||||||||||||||
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[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] | ||||||||||||||||||
Gold Compound Evaluation and Comments
The following table is organized into four main sections and provides a detailed assessment by the Gold Compound Working Group for the use of this compound as a standard hepatotoxin. The table's four sections (collapsed by default but will expand when the "show" link is clicked) contains detailed information for the core set of SEURAT compound acceptance criteria.
| Standard to Meet | Compound Assessment | ||||||||||||||||||||
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Proprietary Toxicity Literature Report
The toxicity literature report contains proprietary information and references for studies performed on this compound relevant to liver toxicity findings and is restricted for use within the SEURAT program only.
Human Adverse Events
The following data table has been mined from the Adverse Events Reporting System (AERS) of the US FDA. Significant human liver events. The first column ("# Reports") is the number of reports found for the corresponding adverse event reported in the third column ("Adverse Event"). The second column ("Report:Baseline Ratio") is ratio calculated from the number of reports ("# Reports") divided by a calculated expected statistical baseline number of reports.
| # Reports | Report:Baseline Ratio | Adverse Event |
|---|---|---|
| 2 | 5.83434 | biliary cirrhosis |
| 1 | 14.2617 | biliary fibrosis |
| 1 | 96.2666 | bilirubin excretion disorder |
| 2 | 51.3422 | gallbladder abscess |
| 1 | 29.6205 | gallbladder fistula |
| 1 | 6.11216 | gallbladder obstruction |
| 2 | 7.00121 | gallbladder oedema |
| 3 | 6.14468 | gallbladder perforation |
| 1 | 9.62666 | hepatic neoplasm malignant non-resectable |
| 1 | 10.6963 | hepatitis neonatal |
| 4 | 17.9101 | hepatobiliary disease |
| 32 | 4.67278 | hypoproteinaemia |
| 46 | 89.0103 | reye's syndrome |
FDA and Label Information
The following link will display all of the currently approved FDA drug products on the market. The web page will contain a table listing all current products by their respective Tradenames and primary active ingredients. The list is navigable by simply clicking on the product of interest, which will in turn list all of the NDA's and ANDA's associated with that product. From here users can click on a specific NDA or ANDA and see documents that have been submitted for the product that the FDA has made available via their website. The types of documents include approval history, letters, reviews and labels.
FDA Approved Products
This next url will perform a search in the FDA's system for all labels for products that contain "Diclofenac" as an active ingredient.
FDA Label Search
PubMed references
The following resource link will perform a PubMed query for the terms "Diclofenac" and "liver toxicity".
Diclofenac Search
References
- ↑ Gomez-Lechon, M.J., O’Connor, E., Castell, J.V., Jover, R., 2002. Sensitive markers used to identify compounds that trigger apoptosis in cultured hepatocytes. Toxicol. Sci. 65, 299–308.
- ↑ Hynes, J., Marroquin, L.D., Ogurtsov, V.I., Christiansen, K.N., Stevens, G.J., Papkovsky, D.B., Will, Y., 2006. Investigation of drug-induced mitochondrial toxicity using fluorescence-based oxygen-sensitive probes. Toxicol. Sci. 92, 186–200.
- ↑ Kass, G.E., Macanas-Pirard, P., Lee, P.C., Hinton, R.H., 2003. The role of apoptosis in acetaminophen-induced injury. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1010, 557–559.
- ↑ Labbe, G., Pessayre, D., Fromenty, B., 2008. Drug-induced liver injury through mitochondrial dysfunction: mechanisms and detection during preclinical safety studies. Fundam. Clin. Pharmacol. 22, 335–353.
- ↑ Li, A.P., 2002. A review of the common properties of drugs with idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity and the ‘‘multiple determinant hypothesis” for the manifestation of idiosyncratic drug toxicity. Chem. Biol. Interact. 142, 7–23.
- ↑ Masubuchi, Y., 2006. Metabolic and non-metabolic factors determining troglitazone hepatotoxicity: a review. Drug Metab. Pharmacokinet. 21, 347–356.
- ↑ Feldmann, G., 2006. Liver apoptosis. Gastroenterol. Clin. Biol. 30, 533–545.
- ↑ Gomez-Lechon, M.J., O’Connor, E., Castell, J.V., Jover, R., 2002. Sensitive markers used to identify compounds that trigger apoptosis in cultured hepatocytes. Toxicol. Sci. 65, 299–308.
- ↑ Gomez-Lechon, M.J., O’Connor, J.E., Lahoz, A., Castell, J.V., Donato, M.T., 2008. Identification of apoptotic drugs: multiparametric evaluation in cultured hepatocytes. Curr. Med. Chem. 15, 2071–2085.
- ↑ Gomez-Lechon, M.J., Ponsoda, X., O’Connor, E., Donato, T., Jover, R., Castell, J.V., 2003. Diclofenac induces apoptosis in hepatocytes. Toxicol. in Vitro 17, 675– 680.
- ↑ Kass, G.E., Macanas-Pirard, P., Lee, P.C., Hinton, R.H., 2003. The role of apoptosis in acetaminophen-induced injury. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1010, 557–559.
- ↑ Ioannides, C., Lewis, D.F., 2004. Cytochromes P450 in the bioactivation of chemicals. Curr. Top. Med. Chem. 4, 1767–1788.
- ↑ Kang, P., Dalvie, D., Smith, E., Zhou, S., Deese, A., Nieman, J.A., 2008. Bioactivation of flutamide metabolites by human liver microsomes. Drug Metab. Dispos. 36, 1425–1437.
- ↑ Li, A.P., 2002. A review of the common properties of drugs with idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity and the ‘‘multiple determinant hypothesis” for the manifestation of idiosyncratic drug toxicity. Chem. Biol. Interact. 142, 7–23.
- ↑ Park, K., Williams, D.P., Naisbitt, D.J., Kitteringham, N.R., Pirmohamed, M., 2005b. Investigation of toxic metabolites during drug development. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 207, 425–434.
- ↑ Reddy, M.V., Storer, R.D., Laws, G.M., Armstrong, M.J., Barnum, J.E., Gara, J.P., McKnight, C.G., Skopek, T.R., Sina, J.F., DeLuca, J.G., Galloway, S.M., 2002. Genotoxicity of naturally occurring indolecompounds: correlation between covalentDNAbinding and other genotoxicity tests. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 40, 1–17.
- ↑ Hynes, J., Marroquin, L.D., Ogurtsov, V.I., Christiansen, K.N., Stevens, G.J., Papkovsky, D.B., Will, Y., 2006. Investigation of drug-induced mitochondrial toxicity using fluorescence-based oxygen-sensitive probes. Toxicol. Sci. 92, 186–200.
- ↑ Johannsen, D.L., Ravussin, E., 2009. The role of mitochondria in health and disease. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 9, 780–786.
- ↑ Jones, D.P., Lemasters, J.J., Han, D., Boelsterli, U.A., Kaplowitz, N., 2010. Mechanisms of pathogenesis in drug hepatotoxicity putting the stress on mitochondria. Mol. Interv. 10, 98–111.
- ↑ Labbe, G., Pessayre, D., Fromenty, B., 2008. Drug-induced liver injury through mitochondrial dysfunction: mechanisms and detection during preclinical safety studies. Fundam. Clin. Pharmacol. 22, 335–353.
- ↑ Masubuchi, Y., 2006. Metabolic and non-metabolic factors determining troglitazone hepatotoxicity: a review. Drug Metab. Pharmacokinet. 21, 347–356.
- ↑ Toxicity should be observed clinically with higher frequency at higher doses. If toxicity is idiosyncratic due to defects in metabolism that result in higher than normal exposure, then this toxicity is still considered to fit our definition of dose-dependent toxicity. If toxicity is idiosyncratic due to an increased sensitivity of the organ to the toxin - due to disease, genetics, or co-administered drug, for example - then this toxicity is outside our area of interest.
- ↑ The in vivo therapeutic window is used to estimate an appropriate concentration for in vitro toxicity assays. This in vitro concentration should also be consistent with the exposure implied by pharmacokinetics parameters.
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 We prefer compounds that require metabolic activation, although standards that are active in themselves will be accepted if they have otherwise valuable properties. We require knowing the active metabolite, and we prefer compounds where the metabolite is stable and can be independently tested in order to verify the mechanism of toxicity as well as of metabolic activation in the test cell line.
- ↑ Literature data for at least one, but not necessarily all, of the ‘omics datasets is desired. This requirement can be waived in special cases.
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 26.4 The IC50’s for in vitro efficacy and toxicity should be consistent with the therapeutic ratio observed in the clinic. These parameters will be dependent on specific cell type and culture conditions, but differences of more than 30-fold in the in vitro vs. in vivo therapeutic ratios should be considered suspect and carefully justified.
- ↑ This is not a equirement, but compounds utilized in the EPA testing program can be assumed to have physical properties verified to be suitable for in vitro cellular assays.
- ↑ Sparing soluble compounds may be assayed for solubility in serum and the percent serum used specified here.
- ↑ This property will be measured when a sample of compound becomes available.
Calculated/Predicted Properties
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